Wednesday, September 2, 2020

Week 3 Day 2 (Finish Critical Reasoning, Review for Midterm)

 

Review for Midterm Exam

NO CLASS on Monday for the Labor Day holiday! The midterm will be on Wednesday, September 9th. 

The Midterm Exam has a total of 41 questions; 21 are from Princeton, and 20 are from GMAC.

Princeton vs. GMAC:

8          vs.       8          Sentence Correction

7          vs.       6          Reading Comprehension

6          vs.       6          Critical Reasoning

 

[GRE Midterm has total 40 questions, 20 from Princeton, 20 from ETS, 10 each of Text Completion, and 10 each of Sentence Correction]

 

For both exams:

  • Review question types, answer types, scoring, and skills.
  • Incorrect answers do NOT subtract but do not add to scores either.
  • It is best to answer every question – at least guess!
  • Scratch paper/noteboards are provided, and you can always request more. Use them on all sections!

 

Most basic strategies for all sections of both tests:

  • Do the “easy” parts first
  • Educated guesses/PoE
  • USE the scratch paper
  • Double-check your answers
  • Leave NO question unanswered
  • Read ALL answer choices
  • Plug in the answers to test them
  • Try to come up with your own answers and test them
  • Memorize (turn the memorization sheet into flash cards) basic rules and definitions

 

Basic PoE approach (Sentence Correction):

·       A – always repeats the original form (no change); if you know an error exists, automatically eliminate

·       Eliminate answers that repeat the original error

·       Eliminate answers that introduce new errors

·       Eliminate answers that change the sentence’s meaning

·       Choose the most concise answer if you have no other criteria

See the flowchart on p. 256.

 

1.     (Reading Comprehension) Use PoE – eliminate answers based on:

a.      Recycled language and memory traps – these are NOT precise quotes but they sound similar to the language used in the passage; human brains like what sounds familiar, so these are usually trap answers

b.     Extreme language – only good for a strengthen/weaken question, BAD for ALL other questions; includes words like: always, never, all, none, only, must, fail, best, worst, most, etc. Instead, we prefer “wishy-washy” language like: some, often, may, useful, sometimes, maybe, can, etc. (see p. 293)

c.      No such comparison – the answer choice compares things that are NOT compared in the passage – check for what the author actually compares in the passage by look for words like: better, more, reconcile, less, decide, more than, less than, etc. Generally be skeptical of comparisons in the answers – the ideas may have been discussed but not compared in the passage

d.     Reversals – confusing because they say the opposite of the main idea or one of the details – if you don’t take notes, you will not recognize these reversals as wrong

e.      Emotional appeals – answer choices that have some emotional bias or political value that the author does NOT discuss or reference

f.      Outside knowledge – answer choices that rely on the reader to think about information they have from their own experience but is NOT contained in the passage – very tempting if you have this information, but if the information is not in the passage, eliminate!

g.     Half right = ALL WRONG – an answer that has a true part (based on the passage) but another part that is also false (based on the passage)

2.     (Critical Reasoning) Use PoE – first, remember that half right = all wrong

a.      Assumption – try the negation test: negate your preferred answer and see if it changes the conclusion. Eliminate:

                                                    i.     Out of scope

                                                  ii.     Extreme language

b.     Weaken – ask how each choice affects the author’s claim. Eliminate:

                                                    i.     Out of scope

                                                  ii.     Extreme Language (maybe keep)

                                                iii.     Strengthen the argument

c.      Strengthen – ask how each choice affects the author’s claim. Eliminate:

                                                    i.     Out of scope

                                                  ii.     Extreme language (maybe keep)

                                                iii.     Weaken the argument

d.     Inference – ask how close the choice is to what is in the passage. Eliminate:

                                                    i.     Additional assumptions

                                                  ii.     Out of scope

                                                iii.     Extreme language

e.      Resolve/explain – ask what choice explains the conflict and lets both claims be true. Eliminate:

                                                    i.     Out of scope

                                                  ii.     Make conflict worse

                                                iii.     Address only one side

f.      Evaluate – look for a good test of the truth of a claim. Eliminate:

                                                    i.     New information

                                                  ii.     Information that does not connect premises to conclusions

                                                iii.     Out of scope

g.     Identify the reasoning – accurate descriptions of the argument. Eliminate:

                                                    i.     No match to structure

                                                  ii.     Partial matches to structure

h.     Flaw – accurate descriptions of problems with the argument. Eliminate:

                                                    i.     No mention of flaws

                                                  ii.     Out of scope

                                                iii.     No match to argument

                                                iv.     Partial matches to argument

 

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Week 8, Day 2